Ekupheleni kuka-2021, i-Indonesia (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Indonesia) inamathani angu-800 000 ezindawo zokugcina i-tin ore, ezibalelwa ku-16% womhlaba, kanti isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-reserve besiyiminyaka engu-15, siphansi kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke seminyaka engu-17. Izinsizakusebenza ze-tin ore ezikhona e-Indonesia zinezindawo zokugcina ezijulile ezinezinga eliphansi, futhi umkhiqizo we-tin ore uncishisiwe kakhulu. Njengamanje, ukujula kokumba kwemayini ye-tin yase-Indonesia kwehle kusuka kumamitha angu-50 ngaphansi komhlaba kuya kumamitha angu-100 ~ 150 ngaphansi komhlaba. Ubunzima bokumba bukhuphukile, futhi umkhiqizo wemayini ye-tin yase-Indonesia nawo wehle unyaka nonyaka, kusukela esicongweni samathani angu-104500 ngo-2011 kuya kumathani angu-53000 ngo-2020. Nakuba i-Indonesia isengumhlinzeki wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni we-tin ore, isabelo sayo sokukhiqizwa kwe-tin emhlabeni wonke sehle kusuka ku-35% ngo-2011 kuya ku-20% ngo-2020.

Njengomkhiqizi we-tin ecwengisisiwe wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ukutholakala kwe-tin ecwengisisiwe e-Indonesia kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukutholakala kwe-tin ecwengisisiwe kanye nokuqina kwayo kukhombisa ukwehla.

Okokuqala, inqubomgomo yokuthumela ngaphandle i-ore eluhlaza yase-Indonesia yaqhubeka nokuqina. NgoNovemba 2021, uMongameli wase-Indonesia uJoko Widodo wathi uzomisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-tin ore e-Indonesia ngo-2024. Ngo-2014, uMnyango Wezohwebo wase-Indonesia wakhipha umthethonqubo wezohwebo uNombolo 44 ukuze uvimbele ukuthunyelwa kwe-tin eluhlaza, okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwenani elikhulu lemithombo ye-tin ngamanani aphansi nokuthuthukisa ukwengezwa kwemboni yayo ye-tin kanye nezwi lentengo yemithombo ye-tin. Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa komthethonqubo, umkhiqizo we-tin mine e-Indonesia wehlisiwe. Ngo-2020, isilinganiso sokufanisa semayini ye-tin / umkhiqizo we-tin ocwengisisiwe e-Indonesia singu-0.9 kuphela. Njengoba amandla okuncibilikisa e-Indonesia ephansi kune-tin ore, futhi amandla okuncibilikisa asekhaya kunzima ukuwagaya i-tin ore eyayithunyelwe ekuqaleni esikhathini esifushane, umkhiqizo we-tin ore e-Indonesia wehlile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sezwe sokuncibilikisa. Kusukela ngo-2019, isilinganiso sokufanisa somkhiqizo we-tin ocwengisisiwe wemayini ye-tin yase-Indonesia besingaphansi kuka-1, kanti isilinganiso sokufanisa ngo-2020 singu-0.9 kuphela. Umkhiqizo wemayini ye-tin awukwazanga ukuhlangabezana nokukhiqizwa kwe-tin ecwengisisiwe yasekhaya.

Okwesibili, ukwehla kwesilinganiso semithombo e-Indonesia, okubhekene nezinkinga zokwanda kwemithombo yomhlaba kanye nobunzima obandayo bokumba phansi kolwandle, okunciphisa umkhiqizo we-tin ore. Njengamanje, imayini ye-tin engaphansi kwamanzi iyingxenye eyinhloko yomkhiqizo wemayini ye-tin e-Indonesia. Ukumba imigodi engaphansi kwamanzi kunzima futhi kuyabiza, futhi umkhiqizo wemayini ye-tin nawo uzothinteka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.

Inkampani iTianma ingumkhiqizi we-tin omkhulu kunawo wonke e-Indonesia, lapho u-90% wendawo yomhlaba evunyelwe ukumbiwa kwe-tin, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-tin yasogwini kungama-94%. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kwenkampani iTianma, amalungelo ayo okumba asetshenziswe ngokweqile yinani elikhulu labavukuzi abazimele abancane, kanti inkampani iTianma iphoqeleke ukuqinisa ukulawula kwayo amalungelo okumba eminyakeni yamuva nje. Njengamanje, umkhiqizo we-tin mine wenkampani uncike kakhulu emayini ye-tin engaphansi kwamanzi, futhi isilinganiso somkhiqizo we-tin mine yasogwini sikhuphuke sisuka ku-54% ngo-2010 saya ku-94% ngo-2020. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, inkampani iTianma inamathani angu-16000 kuphela ezindawo zokugcina i-tin ore zasogwini ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Umkhiqizo wensimbi ye-tin wenkampani i-Tianma ukhombisa ukwehla ngokuphelele. Ngo-2019, umkhiqizo we-tin wenkampani i-Tianma ufinyelele amathani angu-76000, kanye nokwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-128%, okuyizinga eliphezulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lokhu kwakubangelwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho emisha yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe e-Indonesia kwikota yesine ka-2018, okwenza inkampani i-Tianma yakwazi ukuthola umkhiqizo wabavukuzi abangemthetho ngaphakathi kwelayisensi ngokwezibalo, kodwa amandla okukhiqiza i-tin yangempela yenkampani awazange akhuphuke. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umkhiqizo we-tin wenkampani i-Tianma uqhubekile nokwehla. Ezigabeni ezintathu zokuqala zika-2021, umkhiqizo we-tin ocwengisisiwe wenkampani i-Tianma wawungamathani angu-19000, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka okungu-49%.

Okwesithathu, amabhizinisi amancane okuncibilikisa angasese abe yiwona ayinhloko ekuhlinzekweni kwe-tin ecwengisisiwe ku

Esikhathini esizayo, izinsizakusebenza zethini zase-Indonesia zizogxila ezitsheni ezinkulu zokuncibilikisa

Muva nje, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tin ingot e-Indonesia kubuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhula kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tin ingot evela kubancibilikisi abazimele. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, umthamo ophelele we-tin ehlungiwe yamabhizinisi okuncibilikisa azimele e-Indonesia wawungamathani angaba ngu-50000, okwenza u-62% womthamo ophelele wase-Indonesia. Isici esisodwa esiphawulekayo sokumbiwa kwe-tin kanye nokumbiwa kwe-tin ehlungiwe e-Indonesia ukuthi iningi lawo likhiqizwa ngezinga elincane ngamabhizinisi azimele, futhi umkhiqizo uzolungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokwezinga lentengo. Lapho intengo ye-tin iphezulu, amabhizinisi amancane akhulisa ngokushesha umkhiqizo, futhi lapho intengo ye-tin yehla, akhetha ukuvala umthamo wokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo we-tin ore kanye ne-tin ehlungiwe e-Indonesia unokuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokubikezela okubi.

Ezigabeni ezintathu zokuqala zika-2021, i-Indonesia ithumele ngaphandle amathani angu-53000 e-tin ecwengisiwe, okuwukwenyuka okungu-4.8% esikhathini esifanayo ngo-2020. Umbhali ukholelwa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tin ecwengisiwe kwabasunguli bezinto zangasese bendawo kuye kwavala isikhala sokwehla komkhiqizo we-tin ecwengisiwe wenkampani iTianma. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwanda kwamandla kanye nenani langempela lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwabasunguli bezinto zangasese kuzoqhubeka nokulawulwa ukubuyekezwa kokuvikelwa kwemvelo okunzima kakhulu e-Indonesia. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2022, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia akakakhiphi ilayisensi entsha yokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-tin ngokusebenzisa i-exchange.

Umbhali ukholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, izinsiza ze-tin zase-Indonesia zizogxila kakhulu kuma-smelters amakhulu, amathuba okukhula okukhulu komkhiqizo we-tin ocwengisiwe wamabhizinisi amancane azoncipha kancane kancane, umkhiqizo we-tin ocwengisiwe uzothambekela ekuzinzeni, futhi ukunwebeka komkhiqizo kuzoncipha ngokuhlelekile. Njengoba izinga le-tin ore eluhlaza e-Indonesia lincipha, indlela yokukhiqiza encane yamabhizinisi amancane iya ngokuya ingabi sezingeni eliphezulu, futhi inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi amancane lizosuswa emakethe. Ngemuva kokwethulwa komthetho omusha wezimayini wase-Indonesia, ukunikezwa kwe-tin ore eluhlaza kuzogeleza kakhulu emabhizinisini amakhulu, okuzoba "nomphumela wokuminyana" ekuhlinzekweni kwe-tin ore eluhlaza emabhizinisini amancane okuncibilikisa.